Yes, with labels and filters, and you can set all kinds of conditions including the subject lines of the email and the senders and user filters to both label and sort them into folders, star them, mark them as read, etc.

I do this to auto sort my inbox into a bunch of different folders and groups.

I do not think this functionality is built into Proton, as they cannot access the content of our emails, so they cannot sort our emails like Gmail does. However, there may be a plugin or something in Thunderbird that may be able to do this. As emails are stored locally, the plugin might be able to recognise some words and sort it.