Probably none natural languages have fully consistent grammatical rules, so English is not that special here. But having the shittiest spelling, that's the true crime

In Russia as well. And it's called simply "birch juice"

Pokój is also Slavic. In Russian related word means something closer to "calmness" and sometimes has overlapping meaning with English "peace". Like "peace" in "peace and quite" for example will be translated with "pokoj", while "mir" in the sense of "peace" means only the opposite of "war".

I assume colors show the original meaning of the word, not the language family.

What would be a good argument but... Like about a third of English is literally French with a lot French spelling rules (including silent e at the end, for example) which other two thirds don't use. At least in French, French rules work for all its words

No one have 27 words for snow, that's a myth

That's probably not because of good insulation, but just because of central heating system in most of the apartment buildings