You can do this in most Paradox Grand Strategy titles. Hearts of Iron IV for example matches your description pretty well. You have to host your own lobby though so the game won't just set you up with opponents.

This sounds like EVE Online on a smaller scale

There's always the Civilization series, though the military aspect is just one part of the gameplay. Every civilization has a leader, there's a technology tree, and it's definitely more complicated than a map and a bunch of info. Still fun though, depending on what you're looking for.

Hearts of Iron 4 multiplayer.

There's a somewhat older game called Diplomacy, often played on forums, but there's also a dedicated web app for it

https://www.playdiplomacy.com/

Sounds like Hearts of Iron IV

every false advertising village mobile game be like

Being serious, I think another game that is worth mentioning, and that is Bannerlord with the Bannerlord Online modification: https://bannerlord-online.com/

You can check out a gameplay video here.

This I think this might be the closest game to your needs.

Back in the early 2000s I played a few scifi browser games that work similar to what you describe. OGame might still be alive: https://lobby.ogame.gameforge.com/en_GB/